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Harvey Leibenstein (1922 – February 28, 1994) was a Ukrainian-born American Jewish economist. One of his most important contributions to economics was the concept of x-efficiency. In economics, x-efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given set of inputs are used to produce outputs. If a firm is producing the maximum output it can, given the resources it employs, such as men and machinery, and the best technology available, it is said to be technical-efficient. x-inefficiency occurs when technical-efficiency is not achieved. The concept of x-efficiency was introduced by Harvey Leibenstein in his paper Allocative efficiency v. "x-efficiency" in American Economic Review 1966. The concept of x-efficiency is also used in the theory of bureaucracy. ==Selected Publications== * 1950, "Bandwagon, Snob and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumer Demand", ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', Vol.64 No.2 : Page 183-207 * 1954, ''A Theory of Economic-Demographic Development'', Foreword by Frank Notestein, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press * 1966, Allocative Efficiency vs. "X-Efficiency", ''The American Economic Review'', Vol. LVI., June 1966 * 1968, Entrepreneurship and Development, ''The American Economic Review'', 58(2):72–83 * 1969, Organizational or Frictional Equilibria, ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'', Vol. LXXXIII, No. 4, November 1969. * 1974, Socio-economic Fertility Theories and Their Relevance to Population Policy, ''International Labour Review'', May/June 1974. * 1974, An Interpretation of the Economic Theory of Fertility, ''Journal of Economic Literature'', Vol. XII, No. 2, June 1974. * 1975, The Economic Theory of Fertility Decline, ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'', Vol LXXXIX, No. 1, February 1975. * 1976, Beyond Economic Man, Cambridge: Harvard: University Press * 1978, General X-Efficiency Theory and Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press * 1978, "'X-inefficiency Exists: A Reply to an Exorcist," American Economic Review, 68 (1978): 208 * 1979, "A Branch of Economics Is Missing: Micro-Micro Theory," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 17: 477-502 * 1979, “The General X-Efficiency Paradigm and the Role of the Entrepreneur”. in: Mario Rizzo (ed.), Time, Uncertainty, and Disequilibrium. Lexington: Heath 1979, 127-139 * 1982, “The Prisoners’s Dilemma in the Invisible Hand: An Analysis of Intrafirm Productivity.” ''American Economic Review'', (Papers and Proceedings) 72, no. 2 (May): 92–7 * 1983, "Property Rights and X-Efficiency: Comment." ''American Economic Review'', 83: 831-42. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Harvey Leibenstein」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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